色花堂app

A 10-member team of scientists with links to 色花堂app is heading into Yellowstone National Park for about a two-week period this August to test their theories of the effects of wildfire on natural ecosystems and stream ecology.

This summer is the 20th anniversary of the 1988 Yellowstone fires that burned about 1.2 million acres total, including about 793,000 acres within the park, nearly 36 percent of the park鈥檚 total acreage.

The team will be led by well respected stream ecologist Wayne Minshall, Ph.D., a professor emeritus of biological sciences at ISU, and his colleague Colden Baxter, ISU assistant professor of biological sciences.

They鈥檒l be in the park from Aug. 11 to around Aug. 22. They will spend seven days in the backcountry checking sites in the Cache Creek area, and then will be examining sites nearer to the road at several areas in the park.

Cache Creek is located in the northeast corner of the park and is a tributary of the Lamar River.  It was extensively burned in 1988.  

鈥淚t is really like reading a book 鈥� you can鈥檛 wait to get to the last chapter,鈥� said Minshall in a recent interview. 鈥淵ou want to see how it ends, but we鈥檙e not there, yet.鈥�

The researchers began studying the effects of the fires in 1988 鈥渨hen the fires were still smoking,鈥� noted Minshall. For the first five years following the 1988 fires Minshall and other ISU faculty and graduate students annually studied a number of sites in the park.

Over the next five years they continued to study their Cache Creek sites annually, and visited other sites irregularly, before studying the bulk of the sites again in 1998, the 10th anniversary after the fires.

However, since 1998, they have not visited the majority of their sites. Of the few they have studied since 1998, none have been visited in the last six or seven years.

鈥淭his will give us the opportunity to reflect on the last 20 years, to confirm changes we predicted and discover unexpected things,鈥� Minshall said. 鈥淲e鈥檒l be studying the interplay between climate and weather conditions and the fire legacy.鈥�

Joining Minshall, Baxter and current ISU graduate students, will be former ISU graduate students and colleagues who participated in the initial studies.

 鈥淚t will be a reunion of sorts, with scientists coming from all over the country to help complete this study,鈥� Minshall said.

Minshall鈥檚 research focus as an ecologist and biologist is the status of the aquatic organisms in the streams, checking which species are present and their relative abundance.

He focuses on bottom-dwelling invertebrates, including various insect species that spend a portion of their lifecycle in the stream. Of particular importance to him in this study are the larvae of Baetis mayflies, a species that does well in disturbed sites. He鈥檒l also be checking other insect species including stoneflies, other mayfly species and midges.

He described Baetis, often called Blue-Winged Olives by fly fishermen, as 鈥渓ike a cowboy.鈥�

鈥淭hey鈥檒l go to one site and if they don鈥檛 like it, they move on. The Baetis are very resourceful and very mobile,鈥� Minshall said.

He said he expects that 20 years after the fires that there should be fewer Baetis and midges and greater numbers of the other insect species, which 鈥渁re groceries for the fish.鈥�

The researchers will also be checking the amount of algae in Cache Creek. There are two major food bases for aquatic invertebrates: one that comes from the land: leaves/forest debris and the other, algae, comes from the stream.

Prior to a fire, leaves are the primary food base; following a fire, algae are more predominante because, obviously, there are fewer leaves entering the river, and also because there is less shade and algae can grow better.

The researchers are expecting, after 20 years, to find algae are less important food source than the years immediately after the fire.

In addition, they鈥檒l be checking how the stream channels have changed since the fires. Right after the fires the stream channels were enlarged and the whole stream bottom was changed significantly.

鈥淥ne lesson we鈥檝e learned is that size does matter in stream ecology,鈥� Minshall said. 鈥淪ize of the stream and the size and intensity of the fire really matter with regard to the long-term effects of a wildfire.鈥�

Drought cycles, snowpack and other factors effecting stream channels will be examined.

Minshall emphasized the special aspect of studying fire and stream ecology in a largely 鈥渘atural鈥� setting such as Yellowstone National Park.

鈥淲e鈥檙e working in an undisturbed natural environment and the positive recovery rates we鈥檝e seen in this setting would not likely be duplicated in a more developed area,鈥� Minshall said. 鈥淲hen fire occurs in unprotected areas it does so on top of other human-induced changes such as grazing, logging, and road building. Recovery in unprotected areas is delayed and impacts are intensified.鈥�

鈥淏ecause we have the reference of studying in this natural environment,鈥� Minshall, 鈥渢he recovery at other kinds of sites can be evaluated."

Field photos provided and taken by Dr. Wayne Minshall.